Polity & Governance

Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the Speaker of Lok Sabha:

1. He is elected by a simple majority of the members present and voting.
2. He continues in office even after dissolution of Lok Sabha until a new Speaker is elected.
3. His decision on disqualification under the anti-defection law is final and cannot be challenged in any court.

Which of the above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Q2. Assertion (A): The Constitution (103rd Amendment) Act, 2019 introduced 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS).
Reason (R): It was done under Articles 15(6) and 16(6) of the Constitution.

(a) A and R both correct, and R explains A
(b) A and R both correct, but R does not explain A
(c) A correct, R incorrect
(d) A incorrect, R correct

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History & Culture

Q3. Match the following freedom fighters with their movements:

Freedom Fighter	Movement
A. Alluri Sitarama Raju	1. Eka Movement
B. Baba Ramchandra	2. Tebhaga Movement
C. Kanu Sanyal	3. Rampa Revolt
D. Swami Sahajanand Saraswati	4. Bihar Kisan Sabha

Codes:
(a) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
(b) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
(c) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
(d) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1

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Q4. Which of the following are features of Indus Valley Civilization town planning?

1. Grid system of streets
2. Underground drainage system
3. Use of iron tools
4. Citadel and lower town division

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Geography & Environment

Q5. Assertion (A): Western Ghats are richer in biodiversity compared to Eastern Ghats.
Reason (R): The Western Ghats receive more uniform rainfall and have greater altitudinal variation.

(a) A and R correct, R explains A
(b) A and R correct, R does not explain A
(c) A correct, R incorrect
(d) A incorrect, R correct

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Q6. Which of the following rivers are west-flowing?

1. Periyar
2. Mahi
3. Sharavathi
4. Subarnarekha

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Q7. Match the following Biosphere Reserves with their states:

Biosphere Reserve	State
A. Simlipal	1. Tamil Nadu
B. Nilgiri	2. Odisha
C. Nokrek	3. Meghalaya
D. Great Nicobar	4. Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Codes:
(a) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
(b) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
(c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
(d) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3

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Economy

Q8. Consider the following statements about Fiscal Deficit:

1. It represents the gap between government expenditure and revenue receipts including borrowings.
2. Monetization of fiscal deficit means borrowing directly from the RBI.

Which is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

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Q9. Assertion (A): India has a Current Account Deficit (CAD) in most years.
Reason (R): Imports of oil, gold and electronics are generally higher than India’s exports.

(a) A and R correct, R explains A
(b) A and R correct, R does not explain A
(c) A correct, R incorrect
(d) A incorrect, R correct

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Q10. Which of the following are part of capital expenditure of the government?

1. Loans to states
2. Repayment of loans
3. Salaries of government employees
4. Investment in public enterprises

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Science & Technology

Q11. Which of the following are included in nanotechnology applications?

1. Targeted drug delivery
2. Solar cells efficiency improvement
3. Environmental pollution control
4. Nuclear reactor shielding

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Q12. Assertion (A): CRISPR-Cas9 is considered a revolutionary genetic tool.
Reason (R): It allows precise modification of DNA sequences in living organisms.

(a) A and R correct, R explains A
(b) A and R correct, R does not explain A
(c) A correct, R incorrect
(d) A incorrect, R correct

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Q13. Consider the following pairs of space missions and their objectives:

Mission	Objective
A. Artemis	1. Jupiter exploration
B. JUICE	2. Human return to Moon
C. Tianwen-1	3. Mars exploration

Which of the above is correctly matched?
(a) A-2, B-1, C-3
(b) A-3, B-2, C-1
(c) A-1, B-3, C-2
(d) A-2, B-3, C-1

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Current Affairs & International Relations

Q14. Consider the following statements about G20 Summit 2023 in India:

1. The theme was “One Earth, One Family, One Future.”
2. African Union was given permanent membership.
3. It was hosted in Bengaluru.

Which of the above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Q15. Assertion (A): India is pushing for International Solar Alliance (ISA).
Reason (R): It is a treaty-based organization aiming to promote solar energy deployment between Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.

(a) A and R correct, R explains A
(b) A and R correct, R does not explain A
(c) A correct, R incorrect
(d) A incorrect, R correct

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Q16. Match the following international organizations with their headquarters:

Organization	HQ
A. International Court of Justice	1. Paris
B. UNESCO	2. Geneva
C. WTO	3. The Hague
D. ILO	4. Geneva

Codes:
(a) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
(b) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
(c) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
(d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

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Miscellaneous (Environment, Security, Governance)

Q17. Which of the following are greenhouse gases under Kyoto Protocol?

1. Carbon dioxide
2. Methane
3. Nitrous oxide
4. Ozone

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Q18. Assertion (A): “Chip 4 Alliance” was proposed in 2022.
Reason (R): It aims to secure global semiconductor supply chains.

(a) A and R correct, R explains A
(b) A and R correct, R does not explain A
(c) A correct, R incorrect
(d) A incorrect, R correct

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Q19. Match the following Indian missiles with their type:

Missile	Type
A. Akash	1. Air-to-air
B. Astra	2. Surface-to-air
C. Prithvi-II	3. Surface-to-surface
D. Nag	4. Anti-tank guided missile

Codes:
(a) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
(b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
(c) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
(d) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4

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Q20. Assertion (A): India follows a Mixed Economy model.
Reason (R): Both public and private sectors co-exist in economic activities.

(a) A and R correct, R explains A
(b) A and R correct, R does not explain A
(c) A correct, R incorrect
(d) A incorrect, R correct

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Q21. Consider the following Fundamental Duties:

1. To protect and improve the natural environment.
2. To develop scientific temper, humanism and spirit of inquiry.
3. To pay taxes regularly.
4. To safeguard public property.

Which are included in Article 51A?
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Q22. Match the following Indian schemes with their objectives:

Scheme	Objective
A. PM-KUSUM	1. Solar pump for farmers
B. Ujjwala Yojana	2. LPG connections for women
C. PM-SVANidhi	3. Micro credit to street vendors
D. FAME India	4. Promotion of electric vehicles

Codes:
(a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
(b) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
(c) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
(d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

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Q23. Assertion (A): India’s National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established in 2010.
Reason (R): It was formed under the Environment Protection Act, 1986.

(a) A and R correct, R explains A
(b) A and R correct, R does not explain A
(c) A correct, R incorrect
(d) A incorrect, R correct

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Q24. Which of the following are reasons for heat island effect in cities?

1. High density of concrete structures
2. Low vegetation cover
3. High albedo surfaces
4. Increased vehicular emissions

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Q25. Match the following Indian GI-tagged products with their states:

Product	State
A. Madhubani Painting	1. Karnataka
B. Channapatna Toys	2. Bihar
C. Pochampally Ikat	3. Telangana
D. Kondapalli Toys	4. Andhra Pradesh

Codes:
(a) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
(b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
(c) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
(d) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

Answers with Explanations

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Polity & Governance

Q1. Speaker of Lok Sabha
✅ Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only

• Explanation:
  • Statement 1 ✔️ Correct → Speaker is elected by a simple majority of members present & voting.
  • Statement 2 ✔️ Correct → He continues even after dissolution until a new Speaker is chosen.
  • Statement 3 ❌ Wrong → His decision under the anti-defection law is subject to judicial review (Kihoto Hollohan case, 1992).
• Extra fact: First Speaker → G.V. Mavalankar (1952). Current (2025) → Om Birla.

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Q2. 103rd Amendment (EWS Quota)
✅ Answer: (a) A and R both correct, and R explains A

• Explanation:
  • The 103rd Amendment inserted Articles 15(6) and 16(6) to provide up to 10% reservation for EWS.
  • Supreme Court (2022) upheld this amendment with 3:2 majority in Janhit Abhiyan v. Union of India.
• Extra fact: Does not apply to SC/ST/OBC.

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History & Culture

Q3. Freedom Fighters & Movements
✅ Answer: (a) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4

• Explanation:
  • Alluri Sitarama Raju → Rampa Revolt (1922–24, Andhra Pradesh).
  • Baba Ramchandra → Eka Movement (1921, UP peasants).
  • Kanu Sanyal → Tebhaga Movement (1946, Bengal sharecroppers).
  • Swami Sahajanand Saraswati → Bihar Kisan Sabha (1929).
• Extra fact: Sahajanand also led All India Kisan Sabha (1936).

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Q4. Indus Valley Civilization Features
✅ Answer: (a) 1, 2 and 4 only

• Explanation:
  • Grid system → Yes.
  • Underground drainage → Yes.
  • Iron tools ❌ (Iron came in Later Vedic period, not Harappan).
  • Citadel & lower town division → Yes.
• Extra fact: Harappans used bronze, not iron.

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Geography & Environment

Q5. Western Ghats Biodiversity
✅ Answer: (a) A and R correct, R explains A

• Explanation: Western Ghats = high rainfall, tropical evergreen forests, high endemism.
• Eastern Ghats = discontinuous, drier, less biodiversity.
• Extra fact: Western Ghats = UNESCO World Heritage Site (2012).

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Q6. West-flowing Rivers
✅ Answer: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only

• Explanation:
  • Periyar (Kerala) → west flowing.
  • Mahi (MP-Rajasthan-Gujarat) → west flowing.
  • Sharavathi (Jog Falls, Karnataka) → west flowing.
  • Subarnarekha ❌ → east flowing into Bay of Bengal.
• Extra fact: Most Indian rivers flow eastwards, exceptions → Narmada, Tapi, Mandovi, Zuari, Periyar, Sharavathi, Bharathapuzha, Mahi.

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Q7. Biosphere Reserves
✅ Answer: (a) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4

• Explanation:
  • Simlipal → Odisha
  • Nilgiri → Tamil Nadu-Kerala-Karnataka
  • Nokrek → Meghalaya
  • Great Nicobar → A&N Islands
• Extra fact: India has 18 biosphere reserves, 12 are UNESCO recognised.

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Economy

Q8. Fiscal Deficit
✅ Answer: (b) 2 only

• Explanation:
  • Statement 1 ❌ Wrong → Fiscal deficit = Total expenditure – (Revenue receipts + Non-debt capital receipts). Borrowings are NOT included.
  • Statement 2 ✔️ Correct → Monetization means RBI directly finances deficit (printing money).
• Extra fact: FRBM Act (2003) targets fiscal deficit limit.

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Q9. Current Account Deficit
✅ Answer: (a) A and R correct, R explains A

• Explanation:
  • CAD occurs when imports > exports.
  • India’s imports of oil, gold, electronics exceed exports.
• Extra fact: India had a current account surplus in 2020-21 due to low oil prices.

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Q10. Capital Expenditure
✅ Answer: (a) 1, 2 and 4 only

• Explanation:
  • Loans to states ✔️
  • Loan repayment ✔️
  • Investment in PSUs ✔️
  • Salaries ❌ → Revenue expenditure
• Extra fact: CapEx boosts economic growth.

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Science & Technology

Q11. Nanotechnology Applications
✅ Answer: (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

• Explanation:
  • Drug delivery ✔️
  • Solar cells ✔️
  • Pollution control ✔️
  • Nuclear shielding ✔️ (new research in nanocomposites).
• Extra fact: India’s Nano Mission (2007) funds R&D.

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Q12. CRISPR-Cas9
✅ Answer: (a) A and R correct, R explains A

• Explanation: Nobel Prize 2020 awarded to Jennifer Doudna & Emmanuelle Charpentier.
• Allows gene-editing with high precision.
• Extra fact: CRISPR used in sickle cell disease research.

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Q13. Space Missions
✅ Answer: (a) A-2, B-1, C-3

• Explanation:
  • Artemis → Human return to Moon.
  • JUICE (ESA) → Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer.
  • Tianwen-1 (China) → Mars mission.
• Extra fact: ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 (2023) made India 1st to land near lunar south pole.

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Current Affairs

Q14. G20 Summit 2023
✅ Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only

• Explanation:
  • Theme → “One Earth, One Family, One Future.” ✔️
  • African Union got permanent membership ✔️
  • Hosted in Delhi ❌ (not Bengaluru).
• Extra fact: India’s G20 presidency theme was inspired by “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam.”

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Q15. ISA
✅ Answer: (a) A and R correct, R explains A

• Explanation:
  • Launched in 2015 Paris COP21 by India & France.
  • Focus on Tropics but membership now open globally.
• Extra fact: HQ → Gurugram, India.

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Q16. International Orgs & HQs
✅ Answer: (a) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4

• Explanation:
  • ICJ → The Hague
  • UNESCO → Paris
  • WTO → Geneva
  • ILO → Geneva
• Extra fact: India is founding member of UNESCO, ILO, WTO.

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Miscellaneous

Q17. GHGs under Kyoto
✅ Answer: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only

• Explanation:
  • Kyoto Protocol gases → CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, HFCs, PFCs, SF₆, NF₃.
  • Ozone ❌ is not a GHG under Kyoto.
• Extra fact: Kyoto Protocol adopted 1997, effective 2005.

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Q18. Chip 4 Alliance
✅ Answer: (a) A and R correct, R explains A

• Explanation: Alliance of US, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan for semiconductor supply chain security.
• Extra fact: India is building Semicon India Program (2021).

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Q19. Indian Missiles
✅ Answer: (a) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4

• Explanation:
  • Akash → Surface-to-air
  • Astra → Air-to-air
  • Prithvi-II → Surface-to-surface
  • Nag → Anti-tank guided
• Extra fact: Developed by DRDO under IGMDP.

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Q20. Mixed Economy
✅ Answer: (a) A and R correct, R explains A

• Explanation: India’s model includes both public sector (LIC, Railways) and private sector (Infosys, Reliance).
• Extra fact: First industrial policy 1948 promoted mixed economy.

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Q21. Fundamental Duties
✅ Answer: (a) 1, 2 and 4 only

• Explanation: Article 51A includes 11 duties. Paying taxes ❌ not a duty.
• Extra fact: Added by 42nd Amendment (1976) on Swaran Singh Committee recommendation.

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Q22. Govt Schemes
✅ Answer: (a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

• Explanation:
  • PM-KUSUM → Solar pumps
  • Ujjwala → LPG for women
  • SVANidhi → Micro credit for vendors
  • FAME → EV promotion
• Extra fact: Ujjwala launched 2016, target 8 crore families.

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Q23. NGT
✅ Answer: (c) A correct, R incorrect

• Explanation:
  • Established in 2010. ✔️
  • But under National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, not EPA 1986. ❌
• Extra fact: HQ → New Delhi; chaired by judicial members.

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Q24. Heat Island Effect
✅ Answer: (a) 1, 2 and 4 only

• Explanation:
  • High density ✔️
  • Low vegetation ✔️
  • High albedo ❌ reduces heat absorption.
  • Vehicle emissions ✔️
• Extra fact: Mitigation → Green roofs, reflective surfaces, urban forestry.

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Q25. GI Products
✅ Answer: (a) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4

• Explanation:
  • Madhubani → Bihar
  • Channapatna toys → Karnataka
  • Pochampally Ikat → Telangana
  • Kondapalli toys → Andhra Pradesh
• Extra fact: India has 400+ GI products, Darjeeling Tea was first.